APFA (NFL) 1920

	P	NFL	AAA	Regular	All Games
APFA
*Akron Pros	11	5-0-1	2-0-0	7-0-1	8-0-3
*Decatur Staleys	13	2-1-1	4-0-0	6-1-1	10-1-2
*Buffalo All-Americans	11	3-1-0	5-0-0	8-1-0	9-1-1
*Chicago Cardinals	10	3-1-1	3-0-0	6-1-1	6-2-2
Rock Island Independents	10	3-2-0	2-0-1	5-2-1	6-2-2
Dayton Triangles	10	2-3-2	1-0-0	3-3-2	5-3-2
Rochester Jeffersons	11	0-1-0	5-1-1	5-2-1	6-3-2
*Canton Bulldogs	13	6-1-1	1-0-0	7-1-1	7-4-2
Detroit Heralds	8	1-2-1	1-0-1	2-2-2	2-3-3
Cleveland Tigers	9	1-5-2	0-0-0	1-5-2	2-5-2
Chicago Tigers	8	2-4-1	0-0-0	2-4-1	2-5-1
Hammond Pros	7	2-5-0	0-0-0	2-5-0	2-5-0
Columbus Panhandles	10	0-4-0	0-2-0	0-6-0	2-6-2
Muncie Flyers	6	2-1-0	1-0-0	2-1-0	5-1-0

Note: *Qualify for Playoffs

Independent (AAA) Teams

	P	AAA	NFL	Regular	All Games
Mid-Western Circuit
Minneapolis Marines +		0-0-0	0-1-0	5-1-2	5-1-2
Fort Wayne Friars		1-2-1	1-0-1	4-2-2	4-2-2
Chicago Pullman Thorns		0-0-0	0-1-0	0-1-0	0-1-0
Lansing Oldsmobiles		0-0-1	0-1-1	0-1-2	0-1-2
Youngstown Patricians		1-1-0	1-0-0	2-1-0	3-1-0
Cincinnati Celts +		0-1-0	0-3-0	0-4-0	0-4-0
Cleveland Panthers		0-2-0	0-2-0	0-2-0	0-4-0
Toledo Maroons +		1-0-0	0-3-0	1-3-0	1-3-0
Moline Athletics/Tractors		0-0-0	0-2-0	0-2-0	0-2-0
Rockford AC		0-0-0	0-1-0	0-1-0	0-1-0
Kewanee Walworths		0-0-0	0-1-0	0-1-0	0-1-0
Wheeling Stogies		0-0-0	0-1-0	0-1-0	0-1-0
Eastern Circuit
All-Tonawanda Lumberjacks		3-1-0	1-1-0	6-1-0	7-1-0
Rochester Scalpers		0-0-0	0-2-0	0-2-0	0-2-1
Utica Knights of Columbus		0-0-0	0-1-1	0-1-1	0-1-1
Syracuse Stars		0-0-0	0-1-0	0-1-0	0-1-0
Pitcairn Quakers		0-2-0	0-1-0	0-3-0	0-3-0
McKeesport Olympics		0-0-0	0-1-0	0-1-0	0-1-0
All-Buffalo		0-0-0	0-2-0	0-2-0	0-2-0
West Buffalo		0-1-0	0-1-0	0-2-0	0-2-0

Minor League Teams

	P	NFL	AAA	Regular	All Games
Mid-Western Minor Teams
Thorn Tornadoes					0-0-1
Detroit Maroons					0-1-1
Chicago Stayms					0-0-1
St. Edwards Saints					0-1-0
St. Paul’s Ideals					0-1-0
Akron Independents					1-0-0
Sharon					0-1-0
Indiana Minor Circuit
Muncie Tigers		0-1-0		9-0-0	9-2-0
Gas City Tigers		0-2-0		9-0-0	9-2-0
Muncie Offers More AC					0-1-0
Ohio Valley Minor Teams
Evansville Ex-Collegians					4-1-0
Jasper Independents					0-1-0
Goldsberg AA Louisville					0-1-0
Paducah All-Stars					1-0-0
Eastern Minor Teams
Fort Porter				0-1-0	0-1-0
Phoenixville Union AA					0-1-0
New Haven Washington Glees					0-1-0
College Teams
Notre Dame Fighting Irish Freshmen					1-0-0
Pittsburgh All-Collegians					0-1-0

City Championships

Date	Home Team		Away Team
	City Championships
21.11.1920	Youngstown Patricians	10	St. Edward’s Saints	0
28.11.1920	Muncie Flyers	24	Muncie Offers More AC	0
05.12.1920	Detroit Heralds	7	Detroit Maroons	7
05.12.1920	Rochester Jeffersons	0	Rochester Scalpers	0
19.12.1920	Chicago Stayms	14	Chicago Cardinals	14

Playoffs

Date	Home Team		Away Team
	Round 1
04.12.1920	Buffalo All-Americans	7	Canton Bulldogs	3
	Semi-Finals
05.12.1920	Buffalo All-Americans	0	Akron Pros	0
05.12.1920	Decatur Staleys	10	Chicago Cardinals	0
	Championship
12.12.1920	Decatur Staleys	0	Akron Pros	0

Note: On a vote on 21 April 1921 the APFA members gave the 1920 Championship to Akron Pros on the basis they were undefeated during the season.

Results

Date	Home Team		Away Team
	Week 1		Pre-Season
26.09.1920	Rock Island Independents	48	St. Paul’s Ideals	0
	Week 2
03.10.1920	Dayton Triangles	14	Columbus Panhandles	0
03.10.1920	Rock Island Independents	45	Muncie Flyers	0
03.10.1920	Canton Bulldogs	48	Pitcairn Quakers	0
03.10.1920	Decatur Staleys	20	Moline Tractors	0
03.10.1920	Rochester Jeffersons	10	All-Buffalo	0
03.10.1920	Akron Pros	43	Wheeling Stogies	0
03.10.1920	Buffalo All-Americans	32	West Buffalo	0
03.10.1920	Youngstown Patricians	21	Sharon	0
03.10.1920	All-Tonawanda	38	Cleveland Panthers	0
03.10.1920	Fort Wayne Friars	0	Cincinnati Celts	6
	Week 3
10.10.1920	Chicago Tigers	0	Chicago Cardinals	0
10.10.1920	Rock Island Independents	26	Hammond Pros	0
10.10.1020	Akron Pros	37	Columbus Panhandles	0
10.10.1920	Dayton Triangles	0	Cleveland Tigers	0
10.10.1920	Detroit Heralds	40	Cleveland Panthers	14
10.10.1920	Canton Bulldogs	42	Toledo Maroons	0
10.10.1920	Rochester Jeffersons	66	Fort Porter ^	0
10.10.1920	Decatur Staleys	27	Kewanee Walworths	7
10.10.1920	Buffalo All-Americans	51	All-Buffalo	0
10.10.1920	All-Tonawanda	65	All-Syracuse	0
10.10.1920	Youngstown Patricians	15	Akron Independents	14
10.10.1920	Fort Wayne Friars	1	Dayton Counting Scales	0#
	Week 4
17.10.1920	Moline Athletics	3	Chicago Cardinals	33
17.10.1920	Rock Island Independents	0	Decatur Staleys	7
17.10.1920	Canton Bulldogs	7	Cleveland Tigers	0
17.10.1920	Dayton Triangles	44	Hammond Pros	0
17.10.1920	Chicago Tigers	12	Detroit Heralds	0
17.10.1920	Akron Pros	13	Cincinnati Celts	0
17.10.1920	Buffalo All-Americans	28	McKeesport Olympics	7
17.10.1920	Rochester Jeffersons	0	Utica Knights of Columbus	0
17.10.1920	All-Tonawanda	10	Detroit Maroons	0
17.10.1920	Fort Wayne Friars	14	Columbus Panhandles	0
	Week 5
24.10.1920	Rock Island Independents	7	Chicago Cardinals	0
24.10.1920	Chicago Tigers	0	Decatur Staleys	10
24.10.1920	Akron Pros	7	Cleveland Tigers	0
24.10.1920	Dayton Triangles	20	Canton Bulldogs	20
24.10.1920	Buffalo All-Americans	38	Toledo Maroons	0
24.10.1920	Detroit Heralds	6	Columbus Panhandles	0
24.10.1920	Rochester Jeffersons	21	Syracuse Stars	7
24.10.1920	All-Tonawanda Lumberjacks	42	West Buffalo	0
24.10.1920	Fort Wayne Friars	1	Cleveland Panthers	0#
	Week 6
31.10.1920	Chicago Cardinals	21	Detroit Heralds	0
31.10.1920	Canton Bulldogs	0	Akron Pros	10
31.10.1920	Rock Island Independents	20	Chicago Tigers	7
31.10.1920	Rockford AC	0	Decatur Staleys	29
31.10.1920	Buffalo All-Americans	17	Rochester Jeffersons	6
31.10.1920	Cleveland Tigers	7	Columbus Panhandles	0
31.10.1920	Cleveland Tigers	0#	Muncie Flyers	1
31.10.1920	Detroit Armadas	0	Toledo Maroons	10
31.10.1920	All-Tonawanda Lumberjacks	12	Pitcairn Quakers	3
31.10.1920	Fort Wayne Friars	0	Lansing Oldsmobiles	0
31.10.1920	Evansville Ex-Collegians	52	Jasper Independents	0
	Week 7
07.11.1920	Chicago Tigers	3	Chicago Cardinals	6
07.11.1920	Rock Island Independents	0	Decatur Staleys	0
07.11.1920	Akron Pros	R	Detroit Heralds	R
07.11.1920	Buffalo All-Americans	35	All-Tonawanda Lumberjacks	0
07.11.1920	Rochester Jeffersons	27	Utica Knights of Columbus	7
07.11.1920	Dayton Triangles	R	Muncie Flyers	R
07.11.1920	Evansville Ex-Collegians	1	??	0#
	Mid-Week		Exhibition
11.11.1920	Champaign	0	Decatur Staleys	20
13.11.1920	Thorn Tornadoes	7	Rock Island Independents	7
	Week 8
14.11.1920	Cleveland Tigers	7	Akron Pros	7
14.11.1920	Cincinnati Celts	0	Chicago Cardinals	20
14.11.1920	Minneapolis Marines	0	Decatur Staleys	3
14.11.1920	Rock Island Independents	0	Dayton Triangles	21
14.11.1920	Buffalo All-Americans	43	Columbus Panhandles	7
14.11.1920	Fort Wayne Friars	0	Detroit Heralds	0
14.11.1920	Rochester Jeffersons	0	All-Tonawanda Lumberjacks	6
14.11.1920	Youngstown Patricians	CT	Pitcairn Quakers	CT
14.11.1920	Evansville ex-Collegians	23	Goldberg AA Louisville	0
	Week 9
21.11.1920	Akron Pros	13	Dayton Triangles	0
21.11.1920	Decatur Staleys	28	Hammond Pros	7
21.11.1920	Canton Bulldogs	3	Buffalo All-Americans	0
21.11.1920	Rochester Jeffersons	16	Rochester Sclapers	0
21.11.1920	Lansing Oldsmobile	0	Chicago Cardinals	14
21.11.1920	Detroit Heralds	C	Detroit Armada	C
21.11.1920	Rock Island Independents	48	Pittsburgh All-Collegians	7
21.11.1920	Cleveland Tigers	14	Toledo Maroons	0
11.1920	Fort Wayne Friars	7	Pitcairn Quakers	0
21.11.1920	Youngstown Patricians	10	St. Edward’s Saints	0
21.11.1920	Evansville Ex-Collegians	W	??	L
	Mid-Week		Exhibition
25.11.1920	Akron Pros	7	Canton Bulldogs	0
25.11.1920	Chicago Tigers	0	Decatur Staleys	6
25.11.1920	Dayton Triangles	28	Detroit Heralds	0
25.11.1920	Rochester Jeffersons	3	All-Tonawanda Lumberjacks	14
25.11.1920	Gas City Tigers	7	Muncie Flyers	19
	Week 10
28.11.1920	Chicago Cardinals	7	Decatur Staleys	6
28.11.1920	Dayton Triangles	0	Akron Pros	14
28.11.1920	Detroit Heralds	0	Lansing Oldsmobiles	0
28.11.1920	Rock Island Independents	14	Chicago Pullman Thorns	7
28.11.1920	Buffalo All-Americans	7	Cleveland Panthers	0
28.11.1920	Youngstown Patricians	2	Columbus Panhandles	0
28.11.1920	Rochester Jeffersons	7	Rochester Scaplers	6
28.11.1920	Muncie Offers More AC	0	Muncie Flyers	24
11.1920	Fort Wayne Friars	6	Notre Dame Fighting Irish Freshmen	18
28.11.1920	Evansville Ex-Collegians	0	Paducah All-Stars	6
	Week 11		Post-Season
04.12.1920	Buffalo All-Americans	7	Canton Bulldogs	3
05.12.1920	Buffalo All-Americans	0	Akron Pros	0
05.12.1920	Decatur Staleys	10	Chicago Cardinals	0
05.12.1920	New Haven Washington Glees	0	Canton Bulldogs	0
	Week 11		City Championships
05.12.2020	Detroit Heralds	7	Detroit Maroons	7
05.12.1920	Rochester Jeffersons	0	Rochester Scalpers	0
05.12.1920	Gas City Tigers	7	Muncie Flyers	13
	Week 12		Post-Season
11.12.1920	Phoenixville Union AA	13	Canton Bulldogs	7
12.12.1920	Decatur Staleys	0	Akron Pros	0
	Week 13		City Championships
19.12.1920	Chicago Stayms	14	Chicago Cardinals	14
	Unknown Week
1920	Dayton Triangles	W	Cincinnati Celts	L
1920	Cleveland Tigers	0	??	7

Notes

Note: R = Cancelled due to Rain. # Cancelled by the team with the (#) after its score. Considered a forfeit win for the other team by Eirball – Awarded 1-0 (#) CT = Cancelled due to train crash involving visiting Pitcairn team on way to match, no Pitcairn player was hurt. ^ Minor league Opposition thus not counted towards NFL Standings by Eirball.

Note 2: Cincinnati Celts and Minneapolis Marines joined the APFA in 1921 and the Toledo Maroons joined the NFL in 1922.

Note 3: Teams labelled Independent played matches against Official APFA teams. Teams labelled Minor League played matches against “Independents”.

Note 4: While an Official member of the APFA, Muncie Flyers failed the schedule another game after losing heavily to Rock Island Independents on the opening day of the season. Players signed on with other Indiana teams (in particular Muncie Tigers and Wabash AA) as well as APFA team Dayton Triangles. At the end of the season they scheduled three games against Gas City Tigers and Muncie Tigers who both finished the Indiana State Football season with 9-0 records, and the Flyers won all three matches claiming the Indiana State Football Championship in the process. whether their record is to be considered a 3-1 APFA half-season, or an Indiana State Championship season is open to debate. Other APFA teams (Rochester Jeffersons, Hammond Pros, Decatur Staleys, Buffalo All-Americans, Columbus Panhandles, Detroit Heralds and Chicago Cardinals) all also played more non-APFA teams than APFA teams, and other teams in the two seasons the NFL was known as the APFA played a half-schedule: Cincinnati Celts (1-3 in 1920 and 0-4 in 1921), Toledo Maroons (1-3 in 1920) and Tonawanda Kardex (0-2-1 in 1921 with one game cancelled).

Irish Players

Bertie Maher, DE, who was born in Co. Mayo, played Defensive End for the Detroit Heralds in 1920. [2][3]

Bob Nash, DE/OT, who was born in Collinstown, Ireland, Played Defensive End & Offensive Tackle for the Akron Pros in 1920 [2][7]

Allen “Pat” McGinnis, who has an Irish name, was player-manager for the Evansville Ex-Collegians in 1920

Youngstown Patricians appear to be named after St. Patrick. On the 22 November 1920, the day the Patricians defeated St. Edwards Saints for the City Championship, the Youngstown Daily Vindicator’s Front Page Headline was ” Battles in Ireland Follow Bloody Day” (Monday, November 22, 1920). They started off as the Church team in St. Patrick’s Parish, before becoming the city’s team. The team was made up of Irish, Poles and Italians, tough men who worked in the steel mills. [Reference: 45]

Cincinnati Celts are another team with an Irish name,albeit one referencing all Celts. George Roudebush was Quarterback for the Cincinnati Celts and his revolutionary use of the foward pass changed football. He remembered the Celts as a team run “by a bunch of wild Irishmen” and was 93 years old in 1988 when interviewed, with his wits still sharp, remembering dates, names nicknames, figures, events and conversations from the era, making him the oldest living NFL player at the time. [Reference: 42]

Report

After spirallaing wages threatened to destroy the game with players continually jumping from team to team in the Ohio, Pennsylvania & New York Pro Football Circuits, looking for the best pay packet, four teams from Ohio – the Akron Pros, Canton Bulldogs, Cleveland Indians & Dayton Triangles, met in Canton, Ohio, to form a Pro Football League, and invited the top teams from Ohio, New York & Pennsylvania to join them in order to play under a common set of rules, and better organise finances. These states were the hotbed of Pro Football in USA, and the League they formed, the American Professional Football Association, changed its’ name for the 1922 season to the National Football League, laying the foundations for the hugely popular, and lucrative NFL of today.

In its early days, the NFL was still a Minor League, second to College Football in terms of status in the eyes of the Media & fans, and far less popular than Baseball. In 1926 it decided to consolidate the best players on the rosters of a fewer teams, reducing the league from 22 teams to 12.

Bert Maher, born in Co. Mayo, played in the first season for the Detroit Heralds. Bob Nash, played six seasons (1920-1925) for the Akron Pros, Buffalo All-Americans, Rochester J effersons & New York Giants. There was an Player-Manager for the Evansville Ex-Collegians in 1920 with an Irish name: Allen “Pat” McGinnis.

Akron Pros won the APFA Championship in 1920 after a series of games at the end of the season between four teams still with Championship aspirations – Akron, Canton Bulldogs, Decatur Staleys and Buffalo all-Americans left them the only undefeated team.

What is interesting about the early seasons of the APFA / NFL is that the teams continued to play against other Pro teams and leagues not officially connected to the NFL, with inter-locking schedules making it possible to create a “Major League Football” season record, with results from both the NFL and AFL / Independent schedules.

References

Websites

[1] National Football League (2014) “Past Standings | 1920-1926” 2014 Official NFL Record & Factbook” pg. 398-399. National football League, Time Home Entertainment. 2014.

[2] The Growth of a Game (2015) The Complete List of European NFL Players [Internet] Available from: https://www.growthofagame.com/2015/03/the-complete-list-of-european-nfl-players/ [Accessed 11 October 2019]

[3] Pro Football Archives (2019) Detroit Heralds 1920 [Internet] Available from: https://www.profootballarchives.com/1920apfadet.html [Accessed 11 October 2019]

[4] Arizona Cardinals (2020) Schedule [1920] [Internet] Available from: https://www.azcardinals.com/schedule/1920/ [Accessed 19 September 2020]

[5]  Marc S. Maltby, The Coffin Corner Vol. 14 No. 4, Pro Football Researchers Association (1992) Evansville 1920-1922: The Early Stuggles of Professional Football – [Internet] Available from: http://www.profootballresearchers.org/archives/Website_Files/Coffin_Corner/14-04-466.pdf   [Accessed 18 September 2020]

[6] Arizona Cardinals | Wayback Machine (2009) All-Time Results [Internet] Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20090914231608/http://www.azcardinals.com/history/all-time-results.html [Accessed 19 september 2020]

[7] Bob Carroll, The Coffin Corner Vol. 4 No. 12, Pro Football Researchers Association (1982) Akron Pros 1920 – [Internet] Available from: https://www.webcitation.org/65r52lUNU?url=http://www.profootballresearchers.org/Coffin_Corner/04-12-119.pdf  Accessed 18 September 2020]

[8] Chicago Bears (2020) Schedule [1920] [Internet] available from: https://www.chicagobears.com/schedule/1920/ [Accessed 19 September 2020]

[10] Google News: Youngsown Vindicator, October 4, 1920. Canton Trims Pitcairn Team [Internet] Available from: https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=dGxKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=QYYMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2868%2C2793544 [Accessed 19 September 2020]

[11] Google News: Youngsown Vindicator, October 11, 1920. pg. 10 Canton Stops Toledo Eleven [Internet] Available from: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=pqgf-8x9CmQC&dat=19201011&printsec=frontpage&hl=en [Accessed 19 September 2020]

[12] Google News: Youngsown Vindicator, October 11, 1920. pg. 10 Panhandles lose to Akron [Internet] Available from: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=pqgf-8x9CmQC&dat=19201011&printsec=frontpage&hl=en [Accessed 19 September 2020]

[13] Google News: Toledo News-Bee, October 18, 1920. Canton beats Cleveland [Internet] Available from: https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-u9XAAAAIBAJ&sjid=BEUNAAAAIBAJ&pg=4221%2C2532398 [Accessed 19 September 2020]

[14] Google News: Youngstown Vindicator, October 25, 1920. pg. 11 Thorpe saves Canton Eleven with 2 Goals [Internet] Available from: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=pqgf-8x9CmQC&dat=19201025&printsec=frontpage&hl=en [Accessed 19 September 2020]

[15] Google News: Youngstown Vindicator, November 1, 1920. pg. 15 Akron Takes Canton in Great Game [Internet] Available from: https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MC1KAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_YUMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3302%2C1526680 [Accessed 19 September 2020]

[16] Google News: Youngstown Vindicator, November 22, 1920. pg. 15 Canton Downs Buffalo Team [Internet] Available from: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=pqgf-8x9CmQC&dat=19201122&printsec=frontpage&hl=en [Accessed 19 September 2020]

[17] Google News: The Sunday Chronicle, December 5, 1920. pg. 15 Tigers tame Thorpe’s Bulldogs [Internet] Available from: https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=aO9WAAAAIBAJ&sjid=fkINAAAAIBAJ&pg=1212,1102615&dq=canton+bulldogs&hl=en [Accessed 19 September 2020]

[18] NFL | WAyback Machine (2010) Thanksgiving serves up classic games [Internet] Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20100410093827/http://www.nfl.com/thanksgiving/story?id=09000d5d8045a5e3&template=without-video&confirm=true [accessed 19 september 2020]

[19] New York Times December 5, 1920 All-Americans win Pro Gridiron Game [Internet] Available from: https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1920/12/05/102991292.pdf [acessed 19 september 2020] [See PDF]

[20] Pro Football Archives (2020) New Haven Washington Glees [Internet] available from: https://www.profootballarchives.com/1920newhwa.html [Accessed 19 September 2020]

[21] Pro Football Archives (2020) Phoenixville Union AA [Internet] available from: https://www.profootballarchives.com/1920uni.html [Accessed 19 September 2020]

[22] Rochester Jeffersons (2020) 1920 Season {Internet] Available from: http://kencrippen.com/Jeffersons/1920_Rochester_Jeffersons.pdf [Accessed 19 September 2020][See PDF]

[23] Dayton Triangles (2020) Dayton APFA / NFL Summary [Internet] Available from: https://daytontriangles.com/dayton-apfa-nfl-franchise-summary/ [Accessed 19 September 2020]

[24] Dayton Triangles (2020) Dayton APFA / NFL Summary [Internet] Available from: https://daytontriangles.com/dayton-apfa-nfl-franchise-summary/ [Accessed 19 September 2020]

[25] Dayton Triangles (2020) Dayton APFA / NFL Clubs Official Games [Internet] Available from: https://daytontriangles.com/dayton-apfa-nfl-clubs-official-games-1920-1929/ [Accessed 19 September 2020]

[26] Bills Backers | Wayback Machine (2001) History of Pro football in Western New York 1920-1939 [Internet] Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20010425091533/http://www.billsbackers.com/1920s.htm [accessed 19 September 2020]

[27] Sports Encyclopedia (2020) Muncie Flyers [Internet] Available from: https://sportsecyclopedia.com/nfl/muncie/flyers.html [Accessed 19 September 2020]

[28] Roy Sye, The Coffin Corner Vol. 24 No. 3, Pro Football Researchers Association (2002) Muncie Flyers 1920 – [Internet] Available from: http://www.profootballresearchers.org/archives/Website_Files/Coffin_Corner/24-03-937.pdf  Accessed 18 September 2020]

[29] Google News: Toledo News-Bee, November 1, 1920 pg. 11. Brickley Boy Wins for Cleveland [Internet] Available from: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=k_8v9Q84L5sC&dat=19201101&printsec=frontpage&hl=en [Accessed 19 September 2020]

[30] Google News: Youngstown Vindicator, November 29, 1920. pg. 15 Pat’s defeat Panhandles in last game [Internet] Available from: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=pqgf-8x9CmQC&dat=19201129&printsec=frontpage&hl=en  [Accessed 19 September 2020]

[31] Case Western Reserve University (2020) Cleveland Tigers [Internet] Available from: https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-tigers [Accessed 19 September 2020]

[32] Google News: Youngstown Vindicator, November 15, 1920. pg. 15 Patricians defeat St. Edwards at Idora 10-0 [Internet] Available from: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=pqgf-8x9CmQC&dat=19201122&printsec=frontpage&hl=en [Accessed 19 September 2020]

[33] Detroit Free Press. October 11, 1920. p. 13. “Heralds Trim Panthers 40-14: Vogel, Cleveland Star Right Halfback, in Hospital From Injuries”. 

[34] Detroit Free Press. October 18, 1920. p. 11. “FLUKY KICKS GIVE CHICAGO THE GAME: Detroit Heralds Lose Hard Fought Game, 12 to 0”. 

[35] Detroit Free Press. October 25, 1920. p. 12. “Heralds Get Lonely Tally: Fitzgerald Intercepts Forward Pass, Runs 85 Yards to Beat Pan Handles; Local Team Plays Good Game as Do the Visitors; Big Crowd Out”. 

[36] Detroit Free Press. November 1, 1920. p. 15. “HERALDS BEATEN BY LARGE SCORE: Three Blocked Punts Turn Detroit Team Back”. 

[37] Detroit Free Press. November 15, 1920. p. 14. “Heralds Draw at Ft. Wayne”. 

[38] Detroit Free Press. November 29, 1920. p. 11. “No Scoring in Title Battle: Neither Lansing Nor Champion Heralds Are Able to Tally on Muddy Gridiron; Visitors Outgain Locals but Long Forward Pass Almost Beats Them”. 

[39]  Detroit Free Press. December 6, 1920. p. 11. “EACH ELEVEN SCORES ONCE: Heralds and Maroons Go to 7-7 Tie on Muddy Grid Sunday Afternoon”. 

[40] Rock Island Independents (2020) 1920 R.I. Independents [Read All About It][1920] [Internet] Available from: http://www.rockislandindependents.com/index_frame.htm [Accessed 18 September 2020]

[41] Decatur Staleys (2020) Staleys [Internet] Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20050517205446/http://home.comcast.net/~esterneman/sternaman/football.htm [accessed 19 September 2020]

 [42] Bob Carroll, The Coffin Corner Vol. 10 No. 4, Pro Football Researchers Association (1988) George Roudebush – [Internet] Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20101127053406/http://profootballresearchers.org/Coffin_Corner/10-04-344.pdf  Accessed 19 September 2020]

[43] Jim Quirk, The Coffin Corner Vol. 20 No. 1, Pro Football Researchers Association (1998) The Minneapolis Marines – Minnesota’s Forgotten NFL Team – [Internet] Available from:  https://web.archive.org/web/20101218204303/http://profootballresearchers.org/Coffin_Corner/20-01-732.pdf Accessed 19 September 2020][Also Available at: https://web.archive.org/web/20071210085947/http://footballresearch.com/articles/frpage.cfm?topic=marines [Accessed 19 September 2020]

[44] Website (2009) Toledo Maroons [Internet] Available from: https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/krd4052/FootballResearch/ohio/ohtolmar.htm&date=2009-10-26+01:32:02 [Accessed 19 September 2020]

[45] Cleveland (2015) 100 Years ago, were Youngstown Patricians pro football’s world champs? (photos) [Internet] available from: https://www.cleveland.com/browns/2015/11/100_years_ago_youngstown_patri.html [Accessed 20 September 2020]

[46] Google News: Youngsown Vindicator, October 11, 1920 pg. 10. Akron downs “Pats” in close contest [Internet] Available from: https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=eGxKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=QYYMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1462%2C4224078 [Accessed 19 September 2020]

[47] Google News: Youngstown Vindicator, October 4, 1920. pg. 14 Sharon beaten by Patricians [Internet] Available from: https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=dGxKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=QYYMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3879%2C2787954  [Accessed 20 September 2020]

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Decy Maher.

About this document

Researched, compiled and written by Enda Mulcahy for the

Eirball | Irish, North American & World Sports Archive

Last Updated: 20 September 2020

(c) Copyright Enda Mulcahy and Eirball 2020

You may quote this document in part provided that proper acknowledgement is given to the authors. All Rights Reserved.