Category: British American Football Leagues

American Football

AFL American Football League (UK) 1985

American Football League (UK) 1985

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American Football

Final Standings

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AFL (UK) Northern Division 1985

PosTeamWLTPts
1*Manchester Spartans102030
2+Leeds Cougars92128
3$Tyneside Trojans93027
4+Glasgow Lions74122
5Glasgow Diamonds3909
6£ Edinburgh Blue Eagles2906
7£ Fylde Falcons01100

AFL (UK) Midlands Division 1985

PosTeamWLTPts
1*Birmingham Bulls120036
2+Milton Keynes Bucks102030
3+Nottingham Hoods75021
3Northants Stormbringers75021
5Walsall Titans3909
6King's Lynn Patriots21006
7Warwickshire Bears11102

AFL (UK) North Central Division 1985

PosTeamWLTPts
1*Leicester Panthers100030
2+Manchester All Stars62119
3Mansfield Express45012
4Staffordshire Stampeders3609
5>Newcastle Browns0611
6%Locomotive Derby0000

AFL (UK) Southern Division 1985

PosTeamWLTPts
1*Streatham Olympians71021
2+Colchester Gladiators44012
3^Wessex Wildcats3509
4Southend Sabres0800
5~Southampton Wolverines0400
6%Rockingham Rebels0000

AFL (UK) Capital Division 1985

PosTeamWLTPts
1*London Ravens100030
2+Greenwich Rams63119
3+Ealing Eagles53217
4Stock Exchange Stags46012
5Harlow Warlords2806
6Crawley Raiders1814

AFL (UK) South Western Division 1985

PosTeamWLTPts
1*Oxford Bulldogs81125
2+Thames Valley Chargers72122
3+Heathrow Jets55015
4Southampton Seahawks55015
5Portsmouth Warriors46012
6Taunton Wyverns01000
7~Dorset Broncos1503

*Division Champions

+Wildcard Qualifiers for Playoffs

$Tyneside Trojans declined to field a team in the Playoffs. Glasgow Lions took their place in the Playoffs.

^Wessex Wildcats were formed in Week 10 by the merger of Southampton Wolverines and Dorset Broncos. The Wildcats took the record of Southampton Wolverines going forward. Dorset Broncos record and results expunged.

~Dorset Broncos (1-5) and Southampton Wolverines (0-4) merged to form Wessex Wildcats after Week 10.

>Newcastle Browns did not complete their fixtures – three games outstanding.

%Locomotive Derby (AAFC) and Rockingham Rebels (BAFF) left AFL (UK) before season started for Regional Leagues.

£ Edinburgh Blue Eagles v Fylde Falcons not played.

AFL (UK) Playoffs 1985

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American Football

Summer Bowl I

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vs

Details

Date Time League Season Match Day
August 24, 1985 8:34 pm AFL (UK) Playoffs 1985 Summerbowl I

Results

Team1234T
London Ravens121313745
Streatham Olympians07007

London Ravens

# Player Position TD FG Safety PAT 2XP Comp Att Pass Yds Rush Att Rush Yds Rec Rec Yds Int Lng Fum Lost FR Tckl Solo Asst Sack PR KR Punt PYds PAvg BFG OR
Ario De CruzQuarterback2000082312622000000000000000000
Mark DelaneyWide receiver10000000002450000000000000000
Mark WynnickRunning back, Wide receiver10000000942160000000000000000
EnglishWide receiver00000000001220000000000000000
DownerWide receiver00000000002420000000000000000
GrantPunter, Running back0000000031400000000000004631600
Joe St. LouisRunning back200000008106000000000000000000
Mark WalcottRunning back00000000994000000000000000000
BrownRunning back000000002-3000000000000000000
Victor EbubedikeRunning back100000001175000000000000000000
HigginsPunt Returner0001000000000000000002100000
PhillipsPunt Returner0000000000000000000001000000
CliffordPunt Returner0000000000000000000001000000
CampbellKicker0001000000000000000000000000
BrugnaniKick Returner0000000000000000000000100000
Slue-0000000000000000000010000000
Ugwuegbuim-0000000000000000000010000000
Rahman-0000000000002000000000000000
Scott-0000000000001000000000000000
 Total 70020823126443306115304040002424631600

Streatham Olympians

# Player Position TD FG Safety PAT 2XP Comp Att Pass Yds Rush Att Rush Yds Rec Rec Yds Int Lng Fum Lost FR Tckl Solo Asst Sack PR KR Punt PYds PAvg BFG OR
Graham HartQuarterback000001031152511000000000000000000
Earl LivermoreRunning back, Wide receiver10000000352200000000000400000
A SmytheWide receiver00000000134460000000000000000
InnisWide receiver00000000003650000000000000000
MorganRunning back000000008121210000000000000000
CarneyRunning back00000000610000000000000000000
ScarlettRunning back00000000316000000000000000000
Cooper-0000000000000000000000000000
Kevin Allen-0000000000000000000000000000
Nunes-0000000000000000000000000000
Bryant-0000000000000000000000000000
Bird-0000000000000000000000000000
Dean-0000000000000000000000000000
 Total 1000010311522657101520073400000400000

Venue

Villa Park, Birmingham
Villa Park, Trinity Road, Aston, Birmingham, West Midlands Combined Authority, West Midlands, England, B6 6HE, United Kingdom

Scoring

First Quarter RAV – Delaney 26 Pass from De Cruz [6-0] RAV – Ebubedike 49 Run [12-0] Second Quarter OLY – Livermore Run (Cooper PAT) [12-7] RAV – De Cruz 1 Run [18-7] RAV – Wynnick 6 Pass from De Cruz (Campbell PAT) [25-7] Third Quarter RAV – De Cruz 1 Run [31-7] RAV – St. Louis 2 Run (Higgins PAT) [38-7] Fourth Quarter RAV – St. Louis 77 Run (PAT) [45-7]

Report

The Original Britball (British Gridiron Football) team London Ravens showed why they continued to be unbeaten versus British opposition by dominating London rivals Streatham Olympians 45-7 in the first ever AFL UK Summerbowl, held before 7,100 fans at Villa Park, Birmingham. Joe St. Louis won the MVP (Most Valuable Player) Award with two touchdown runs, and 106 yards off 8 carries. Victor Ebubedike also played a magnificent game, scoring one TD on the ground from 11 carries. Quarterback Ario De Cruz had an up-and-down day, throwing for 5 interceptions but also going over for two QB sneaks for touchdowns from close range. Mark Wynnick scored the Ravens other TD. Keith Allen was the best of the Olympians,  the linebacker making a total of 10 tackles, 7 of those unassisted. Earl Livermore scoring Streatham’s only TD, bringing them to within 5 points early in the second quarter, making the score 12-7 with the conversion from Cooper, but the London Ravens rattled off 33 unanswered points to finish deserving Champions of the first full British Gridiron Football season.

References

[1] Gridiron UK “Crafty Cockneys” October 1985, pg. 15-16. Published by Southern Newspapers PLC, Christchurch, Dorset. Executive Ed: Bob Goddard.  Reports: Ross Biddiscombe, Steve Downton, Jon Chandler, Bev Wills, Eugene Maynard, Graham Trott, Alan Beastall, Ian Christy, Bob Armstrong, Chris Tofalos, Janine Kilroe, Wayne Paulo and Mike Allen. [2] Gridiron UK “British Fixtures” April 1985, pg. 23. Published by Southern Newspapers PLC, Christchurch, Dorset. Executive Ed: Bob Goddard.

About AFL (UK)

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football helmet beside football on gray asphalt road

The American Football League of 1985 – usually shortened to the acronym AFL (UK) – was the second season of the first-ever fully British-based Gridiron Football League in Britain featuring primarily British-born players. The sport gained a wide following in the mid-to-late 1980s after being introduced to British audiences by the Channel 4 TV station. The 1985 season was the first full season of AFL (UK) with set scuedules and playoffs culminating in the Summerbowl, played at Villa Park, Birmingham (home of Aston Villa FC) in front of 7,100 paying fans. 36 teams started this season, with two teams merging mid-way through the season.

The success of the league led in 1986 to the USA Drinks giant, Budweiser, getting involved, starting its’ own league with a large sponsorship input. This led to a split in the AFL (UK) with most Southern-based teams joining the new Budweiser League with its’ professional approach and most Northern-based teams and some Midlands and Southern teams remaining in the AFL (UK) – re-named BAFL British American Football League – for 1986.

American Football

About American Football

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American Football is a North American version of Football, dating back over 100 years and resembling Rugby more than Soccer but played with 11 players on each team on the field at any one time (as in Soccer rather than Rugby). There is unlimited substitution in the Stateside-version of the game and Offense (Attack) and Defense have two entirely separate squads within each team – when the attacking teams’ Offense is on the field the opposing teams Defense is also on the field and vice-versa.

Scoring is by primarily by running or passing the ball into the opposing teams’ Endzone (a 15-yard area at either end of the 100-yard field) to score a Touchdown – worth 7 points – although despite the name and unlike in Rugby when scoring a Try this does not have to be touched down for the score to count – the ball just has to pass the ‘plane’ of the Endzone cleanly – in other words with the scoring players both feet in bounds and in clear possession of the ball). A TD is converted by the choice of either kicking the ball through the uprights (posts) for 1 point or by passing or running it successfully into the endzone for 2 points (this is in addition to the 6 points for the Touchdown (TD).

If a Touchdown appears unlikely during the attacking teams’ ‘Drive’ they can opt to kick a Field Goal worth 3 points. A ‘Drive’ is the cumulated plays of a teams’ single possession, and ends with either a score or a turnover – a change of possession such a pass being intercepted or the ball being ‘fumbled’ (dropped) and being recovered by the opposition. If a team is not within scoring range it may opt to ‘punt’ the ball – kick it back into the opposing teams’ end to gain better field position – and in doing so handing possession back to the opposition.

A third way of scoring is by a Safety – usually a defensive score whereby the ball carrier is tackled in his own Endzone. A Safety is Worth 2 Points.

Each game is 60 minutes long – divided into 4 quarters of 15 minutes – although unlike Rugby, Soccer or GAA there is no running clock, with the clock being stopped every time the ball is ‘dead’ – in other words goes out of the playing area or in other cases such as a score, incomplete pass or change of possession. Each game thus lasts up to 3 hours 30 minutes or sometimes more.

The National Football League (NFL) in USA is the Major Professional League and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Football programmes are also very big in USA.

References

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American Football

Bibliography

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[1] Gridiron UK “Crafty Cockneys” October 1985, pg. 15-16. Published by Southern Newspapers PLC, Christchurch, Dorset. Executive Ed: Bob Goddard.  Reports: Ross Biddiscombe, Steve Downton, Jon Chandler, Bev Wills, Eugene Maynard, Graham Trott, Alan Beastall, Ian Christy, Bob Armstrong, Chris Tofalos, Janine Kilroe, Wayne Paulo and Mike Allen. 

[2] Gridiron UK “British Fixtures” April 1985, pg. 23. Published by Southern Newspapers PLC, Christchurch, Dorset. Executive Ed: Bob Goddard.  

About this document

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football helmet beside football on gray asphalt road

Researched, compiled and written by Enda Mulcahy for the

Eirball | Irish North American and World Sports Archive

Published: 3 October 2025. Last Updated: 3 October 2025

(c) Copyright Enda Mulcahy and Eirball 2025

You may quote this document in part provided that proper acknowledgement is given to the authors. All Rights Resereved. The Logos and Photos used in this article remain the property of the organisations and individuals which own the copyright and are used here for educational and information purposes only.

American Football

About Eirball

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Eirball is an Archive of Irish, North American and World Sports Results and Statistics, with a focus primarily on the sports’ respective leagues in Ireland and Irish-born players abroad. It is the work of Enda Mulcahy. Eirball.ie is the Gridiron Football (American Football) subsite of the Eirball.sport main landing site.

BGFL British Gridiron Football League 1987

Standings

BGFL British Gridiron Football League East Division 1987

PosTeamWLTPctPFPA
1*Leicester Hunstmen9100.900310113
2*East Kent Cougars7300.700242113
3Boston Blitz5500.500139158
4Rotherham Redskins4600.400150132
5Burton Braves3700.300147323
6Doncaster Jaguars2800.200125276

BGFL British Gridiron Football League West Division 1987

PosTeamWLTPctPFPA
1*Mersey Centurions6001.00029048
2*Hartlepool Steelers4200.667100137
3Preston Pirates2400.33311095
4Oldham Phoenix0600.00012232

Playoff Schedule

BGFL British Gridiron Football League Playoffs 1987

Match Day Semi-Finals
(Semi-Finals)
28 - 12

Leicester Huntsmen vs Hartlepool

(Semi-Finals)
28 - 13

Mersey Centurions vs East Kent Cougars

Match Day BGFL Brit Bowl 1987
(BGFL Brit Bowl 1987)
20 - 16

Mersey Centurions vs Leicester Huntsmen

Note: For Scorers in the BGFL Brit Bowl please click on the game in the above schedule.

BGFL West Division 1987 Standings (Pre-Revision)

BGFL British Gridiron Football League West Division (Pre-Revision) 1987

PosTeamWLTPctPFPA
1*Mersey Centurions7001.00031848
2*Hartlepool Steelers4300.571100143
3Preston Pirates3400.42913890
4Westhoughton Greyhounds #2300.4003969
5Oldham Phoenix1700.12534261

Note: # Standings were revised after Westhoughton Greyhounds left the League between 22 August 1987 and 29 August 1987. Pre-Revision Standings Provided Here.

REPORT

Ulster’s Geoff Mackey, who was introduced to the game of American Football while studying at Liverpool Polytechnic, played for the Mersey Centurions in 1988, where he reached the Britbowl, losing 20-13 to the Woking Generals. In 1987 the Mersey Centurions had won the Britbowl 20-16 against the Leicester Huntsmen. His exploits for the Centurions saw him called up to the British and Irish Bulldogs for a five-week tour, taking in training in the United States, and then three Test Matches in Australia, from 4 November 1988 to the middle of December.

Recap

The British Gridiron Football League was a Fifth Level American Football League in the North and Midlands of England in 1987, after which it absorbed the Capital League and a large number of UKAFL teams to form a Fourth Level League in 1988. In 1989 it merged with the UKAFL to form the British National Gridiron League, playing Levels 5 to 7 below the NDMA (First Level) and Combined Gridiron League (Levels 2 to 4)

REFERENCES

NEWSPAPERS

[1] Anon. (1987) “Results – Standings – Fixtures: BGFL” First Down. August 22, 1987. pg. 16.Mediawatch Ltd. Charlbury, Oxfordshire, England, UK.

[2] Anon. (1987) “Results – Standings – Fixtures: BGFL Final Standings” First Down. August 29, 1987. pg. 17. Mediawatch Ltd. Charlbury, Oxfordshire, England, UK.

[5] Anon. (1986) “Geoff’s Bulldog spirit” Belfast Telegraph. Thursday, November 3, 1988. pg. 51 [Internet] Available online at the Irish Newspaper Archive at: https://www.irishnewsarchive.com/ which is a subscription service.

WEBSITES

[4] Britball Now (2016) Results Section [1987][1988] [Internet] Available from: http://www.britballnow.co.uk/history-index/results-section.html [Accessed 23 March 2017]

IMAGES

[6] Anon. (1986) “Geoff’s Bulldog spirit” Belfast Telegraph. Thursday, November 3, 1988. pg. 51 [Internet] Available online at the Irish Newspaper Archive at: https://www.irishnewsarchive.com/ which is a subscription service.

GEO-GENEOLOGY OF IRISH SURNAMES

[6] Vivid Maps (2022) Geo-Geneology of Irish Surnames [Internet] Available from: https://vividmaps.com/irish-surnames/ [Accessed 31 January 2022]

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks to John Malone, Paul O’Reilly, Declan Mulvey, Colm McGennis.

ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT

Researched, compiled and written by Enda Mulcahy for the

Eirball | Irish North American and World Sports Archive

Last Updated: 3 February 2022

(c) Copyright Enda Mulcahy and Eirball 2020-2022

You may quote this document in part provided that proper acknowledgement is given to the authors. All Rights Reserved.

BAFA Capital League 1987

Final Standings

BAFA Capital League County Division 1987

PosTeamWLTPctPFPA
1*St. Albans Kestrels8110.85039253
2*F-14 Tomcats7210.750252157
3Chiltern Cheetahs7300.700237131
4Chiltern Panthers (C)3700.300135228
5Tonbridge Tigers2800.20088276
6Bexley Barons2800.20070339

BAFA Capital League City Division 1987

PosTeamWLTPctPFPA
1*London Area Panthers8110.85032665
2Barbarians # (D)6110.75025477
3*Brent Bandits6400.600233166
4London Mets4600.400172139
5Maidstone M20s1710.16758362
6Croydon Coyotes (C)0810.05659307

References: [1-2] Legend / Key: # Barred from Playoffs – last two games not played. (D) Disbanded after season (C) Changed name after season – Chiltern Panthers became Hemel Panthers and Croydon Coyotes became Croydon Cyclones.

Playoffs

BAFA Capital League Playoffs 1987

For a Recap of the Capital Bowl, including scorers, please click on the game above. References: [1-3]

Recap

The 12-team Capital League – a Regional Fifth Division in British American Football in 1987 climaxed with the London Area Panthers triumphing 22-20 over the St. Albans Kestrels in the Capital Bowl after a dropped pass in the dying seconds which would have meant a tying two-point conversion if successful was the difference between the teams [3].

St. Albans had finished top of the County Division with an 8-1-1 record before defeating Brent Bandits 33-8 in the Semi-Finals, while the London Area Panthers also went 8-1-1 in winning the City Division before eliminating F-14 Tomcats 25-6 in the other Semi-Final [1-2].

Irish-named players Nick Griffiths (Quarterback) and Mick Sheelan (Wide Receiver) starred for St. Albans Kestrels [3].

After the season the league in its entirety merged with the British Gridiron Football League (BGFL – a Northern Regional League), the North Wales and West Cheshire American Football League (NWWCAFL) and a large amount of United Kingdom American Football League (UKAFL – the fourth level in 1987) to form the new fourth level league the British National Gridiron League for 1988. The only exception wads the Barbarians who folded after being barred by the Capital League from the Playoffs towards the end of 1987. Six members continued in the old UKAFL as a regional Midlands Fifth Level League.

ABOUT THE BAFA Capital League

The British American Football Association united 100+ teams under the BAFA umbrella for 1987 as the BAFL (British American Football League) ceased to exist with the top three divisions in a league simply called the Budweiser League for sponsorship reasons. The top division was called the National Division, the second level the Premier Division and the third level Division One. Below these three divisions was the UKAFL (United Kingdom American Football League) as a fourth level and then regional leagues making up a fifth level (Thistle League in Scotland, NWWCAFL – North Wales and West Cheshire American Football League, BGFL – British Gridiron Football League – in the North and Capital League in the South East).

REFERENCES

[1] Anon. / Mark Lees (Ed.)(1987) “Results – Standings – Fixtures: Bud Playoffs: National” First Down. August 8, 1987. pg. 16. Mediawatch Ltd. Charlbury, Oxfordshire, England, UK.

[2] Anon. / Mark Lees (Ed.)(1987) “Results – Standings – Fixtures: Bud Playoffs: National” First Down. August 22, 1987. pg. 16. Mediawatch Ltd. Charlbury, Oxfordshire, England, UK.

[3] Anon. / Mark Lees (Ed.)(1987) “Results – Standings – Fixtures: Bud Fixtures: National” First Down. August 29, 1987. pg. 17. Mediawatch Ltd. Charlbury, Oxfordshire, England, UK.

GEO-GENEOLOGY OF IRISH SURNAMES

[6] Vivid Maps (2022) Geo-Geneology of Irish Surnames [Internet] Available from: https://vividmaps.com/irish-surnames/ [Accessed 31 January 2022]

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks to John Malone, Paul O’Reilly, Declan Mulvey, Colm McGennis.

ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT

Researched, compiled and written by Enda Mulcahy for the

Eirball | Irish North American and World Sports Archive

Last Updated: 2 February 2022

(c) Copyright Enda Mulcahy and Eirball 2022

You may quote this document in part provided that proper acknowledgement is given to the authors. All Rights Reserved.

BAFA Budweiser League Division 1 1987

Final Standings

BAFA Budweiser League Division 1 Scotland Conference 1987

PosTeamWLTPctPFPA
1*Clydesdale Colts (P)8001.00022384
2East Kilbride Pirates4400.500134133
3Ayr Burners3500.375105110
4Inverclyde Crusaders3500.37552113
5Lothian Chieftains2600.250108182

BAFA Budweiser League Division 1 Northern Conference 1987

PosTeamWLTPctPFPA
1*Washington Presidents (P)9100.900488235
2Lancashire Chieftains7210.750323196
3Leeds Cobras (P)7210.750297155
4Wirral Wolves (D)7300.700347146
5Warrington Scorpions4510.450220271
6Chester Romans2710.250209256
7Halton Demons (R)1810.15028284
8Stockport Falcons (R-Y)0910.05058427

BAFA Budweiser League Division 1 Central Conference 1987

PosTeamWLTPctPFPA
1*West Bromwich Fireballs (P)9100.90024485
2Mansfield Express (D)7300.700274173
3Stoke Spitfires (P)6400.600249145
4Walsall Titans (P)5500.500229156
5Wolverhampton Outlaws2800.200164320
6Black Country Nailers1900.10076357

BAFA Budweiser League Division 1 South West Conference 1987

PosTeamWLTPctPFPA
1*Bristol Packers (P)10001.00067636
2Swansea Dragons (P)8200.800407133
3Newton GWs (R)4600.400217319
4Duchy Destroyers4600.400160373
5Weston Stars (R-C)3700.300214305
6Exeter Eagles (R)1900.10078586

BAFA Budweiser League Division 1 Southern Conference 1987

PosTeamWLTPctPFPA
1*Farnham Knights (P)10001.00041464
2South Star Scorpions (P)7300.700259108
3South Coast Sharks6400.600179180
4Merton Admirals4600.40069169
5Hampshire Cavaliers3700.300134243
6Wight Rhinos01000.00061352

BAFA Budweiser League Division 1 South East Conference 1987

PosTeamWLTPctPFPA
1*Ashton Oilers (P)9100.90057850
2Eastbourne Crusaders (P)9100.90036979
3Medway Mustangs4600.400274389
4Thanet Vikings4600.400187248
5Grays Saxons (R)4600.400219301
6Ashford Cruisers (R-C)01000.00068628

BAFA Budweiser League Division 1 Eastern Conference 1987

PosTeamWLTPctPFPA
1*Basildon Braves (P)7300.700190117
2Norwich Devils7300.70016979
3Herts Phantoms5500.50012991
4Newmarket Hornets (R)5500.500174142
5Southend Sabres5500.500114147
6Southampton Seahawks1900.100112312

BAFA Budweiser League Division 1 Capital Conference 1987

PosTeamWLTPctPFPA
1*Ealing Eagles (P)7100.87514140
2Thames Barriers (P)7100.87514998
3Fulham Cardinals4400.50012791
4London Lasers2600.250102162
5Chingford Centurions (R-D)0800.00037165

Legend / Key: * Qualify for Playoffs, (P) Promoted to Budweiser League Premier Division, (R) Relegated to newly-formed British National Gridiron League (a merger of BGFL, Capital League, NWWCAFL and members of UKAFL who left that league), C – Changed name for 1988, D – Disbanded after 1987 season, Y – sat out 1988 to return in 1989. Tie-breaker (1) Head-to-Head.

Playoffs

BAFA Budweiser League Division One Playoffs 1987

Recap

Kent’s Ashton Oilers won the BAFA Budweiser League Division 1 (third level of American Football in Britain) in 1987, defeating Ealing Eagles 27-7 in the Division One Bowl. Ealing had defeated both Eastern Conference Champions Basildon Braves 32-0 in the Eastern Quarter-Final before also blanking Clydesdale Colts 16-0 in the Semi-Finals. The Scotland Conference Champions had shocked high-scoring Northern Conference Champions Washington Presidents 20-19 in the Northern Quarter-Final, with a little luck from a missed Field Goal and a touchdown called back for holding by Washington in the dying minutes of the game [1-4].

Ashton Oilers path to the Bowl was not as straight-forward, having to negotiate Southern Conference Champions, the formidable Farnham Knights, who had a perfect 10-0 regular season, scoring 414 points and only conceding 64 in the process. The Oilers won that game 28-8 before defeating the Bristol Packers 7-6 in the semi-Finals. The Packers had also put up a perfect record in the regular season, putting up a massive 676 points in the process, and only conceding 36. Ealing Eagles had the one loss all season, as did Ashton, to Eastbourne Crusaders, both teams finishing on 9-1 in the regular season, with Ashton winning the head-to-head 51-27 [1-4].

After the season, the eight Conference Champions were promoted to the Premier Division, along with Leeds Cobras, Stoke Spitfires, Walsall Titans, Swansea Dragons, South Star Scorpions, Eastbourne Crusaders and Thames Barriers. Halton Demons were relegated to the British National Gridiron League, along with Stockport Falcons (who sat out 1988 returning in 1989), Newton GWs, Weston Stars (who changed their name to Weston Wolfpack), Exeter Eagles, Grays Saxons, Ashford Cruisers (who changed their name to the Ashford Raiders), Newmarket Hornets and Chingford Centurions (who disbanded after the 1987 season). Wirral Wolves and Mansfield Express disbanded after the season [1-4].

Irish-named running back Paul Reilly starred for Clydesdale Colts [2, 6] For comparison with the Irish American Football League, Ayr Burners defeated IAFL Semi-Finalists in 1987, Belfast Giants 48-0 in 1987, a year after the Burners had defeated Carrickfergus Cougars 28-8. Belfast, by then NI Giants got their revenge in 1988 with a 21-0 win over Ayr in April prior to the season. All three games were played under the name “International Challenge Cup”. Reference: [7].

ABOUT THE BAFA BUDWEISER LEAGUE DIVISION 1

The British American Football Association united 100+ teams under the BAFA umbrella for 1987 as the BAFL (British American Football League) ceased to exist with the top three divisions in a league simply called the Budweiser League for sponsorship reasons. The top division was called the National Division, the second level the Premier Division and the third level Division One. Below these three divisions was the UKAFL (United Kingdom American Football League) as a fourth level and then regional leagues making up a fifth level (Thistle League in Scotland, NWWCAFL – North Wales and West Cheshire American Football League, BGFL – British Gridiron Football League – in the North and Capital League in the South East).

REFERENCES

[1] Anon. / Mark Lees (Ed.)(1987) “Results – Standings – Fixtures: Bud Playoffs: National” First Down. August 8, 1987. pg. 16. Mediawatch Ltd. Charlbury, Oxfordshire, England, UK.

[2] Anon. / Mark Lees (Ed.)(1987) “Results – Standings – Fixtures: Bud Playoffs: National” First Down. August 22, 1987. pg. 16. Mediawatch Ltd. Charlbury, Oxfordshire, England, UK.

[3] Anon. / Mark Lees (Ed.)(1987) “Results – Standings – Fixtures: Bud Fixtures: National” First Down. August 29, 1987. pg. 17. Mediawatch Ltd. Charlbury, Oxfordshire, England, UK.

[4] Nick Richards (2009) “V – Over to You Bud” TD UK. Touchdown UK. pg,. 79-80Author House UK Ltd. Milton Keynes. England. UK.

[5] Keith Webster (1987) “Bud Announces New-Look Elite” First Down. October 24, 1987. pg. 22. Mediawatch Ltd. Charlbury, Oxfordshire, England, UK.

[7] Anon. (1988) “Giants get their revenge’”Belfast Telegraph. Tuesday, April 12, 1988. pg. 20 [Internet] Available online at the Irish Newspaper Archive at: https://www.irishnewsarchive.com/ which is a subscription service.

GEO-GENEOLOGY OF IRISH SURNAMES

[6] Vivid Maps (2022) Geo-Geneology of Irish Surnames [Internet] Available from: https://vividmaps.com/irish-surnames/ [Accessed 31 January 2022]

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks to John Malone, Paul O’Reilly, Declan Mulvey, Colm McGennis.

ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT

Researched, compiled and written by Enda Mulcahy for the

Eirball | Irish North American and World Sports Archive

Last Updated: 1 February 2022

(c) Copyright Enda Mulcahy and Eirball 2022

You may quote this document in part provided that proper acknowledgement is given to the authors. All Rights Reserved.

BAFA Budweiser League Premier Division 1987

Final Standings

BAFA Budweiser League Premier Division Borders Conference 1987

PosTeamWLTPctPFPA
1*Edinburgh Eagles701.93818085
2Granite City Oilers620.75015864
3Musselburgh Magnums350.375110131
4Strathclyde Sheriffs152.25094193
5Glasgow Diamonds161.18895164

BAFA Budweiser League Premier Division Northern Conference 1987

PosTeamWLTPctPFPA
1*Leeds Cougars10001.00049038
2Scunthorpe Steelers640.600266139
3Wrekin Giants550.500210330
4Locomotive Derby550.500242412
5Manchester Heroes370.300151218
6Crewe Railroaders190.100194416

BAFA Budweiser League Premier Division Central Conference 1987

PosTeamWLTPctPFPA
1*Dunstable Cowboys910.90031455
2*Oxford Bulldogs820.80031971
3Rockingham Rebels640.600173102
4King's Lynn Patriots550.500150251
5Birmingham Huskies181.150126262
6Reading Renegades091.05032373

BAFA Budweiser League Premier Division South East Conference 1987

PosTeamWLTPctPFPA
1*Colchester Gladiators910.900317103
2*Heathrow Jets910.90027077
3Windsor Monarchs640.600194142
4London Capitals460.400172204
5City of London Stags280.200115247
6Walthamstow Warriors0100.00026231

BAFA Budweiser League Premier Division Southern Conference 1987

PosTeamWLTPctPFPA
1*Bournemouth Bobcats820.800352118
2Brighton B-52s820.80030990
3Kent Rams640.600218166
4Crawley Raiders460.400196263
5Portsmouth Warriors460.400211239
6Southern Bengals0100.00057467

BAFA Budweiser League Premier Division South West Conference 1987

PosTeamWLTPctPFPA
1*Cotswold Bears910.900336112
2Plymouth Admirals820.800300131
3Hereford Chargers640.600199167
4Torbay Trojans550.500223174
5Witney Wildcats280.20090321
6Taunton Wyverns0100.000104347

Playoffs

BAFA Budweiser League Premier Division Playoffs 1987

Recap

Bournemouth Bobcats and Leeds Cougars gained promotion to the Budweiser League National Division for 1988 after reaching the Premier Bowl, which was won 43-6 by the Bournemouth Bobcats in a surprisingly wide margin. Bournemouth had won the Southern Conference with an 8-2 record, qualifying on head-to-head for the Playoffs over Brighton B-52s (37-33 on points). From there they had defeated Central Conference champions Dunstable Cowboys 30-14, and then South East Conference runners-up Heathrow Jets 28-8 before triumphing in the Premier Bowl. Leeds Cougars had first knocked out Central Conference runners-up Oxford Bulldogs 46-14 before defeating South East Conference Champions Colchester Gladiators 44-22. The other two Playoff Qualifiers were Borders Conference Champions Edinburgh Eagles, eliminated 28-7 by Heathrow Jets in the Quarter-Finals after the Jets had made a 400km journey to Edinburgh from London; and South West Conference Champions Cotswold Bears who were no match for Colchester Gladiators who won 66-0 in their Quarter-Final [1-4].

After the season both Premier Bowl contestants were promoted to the National Division for 1988 [4], and Newcastle Senators, Cardiff Tigers, Swindon Steelers, Cambridge County Cats and Steel City Giants were relegated. After merging as CMK Bucks to compete in the National Division both Coventry and Milton Keynes again went their separate ways and were to compete in the Premier Division for 1988.

ABOUT THE BAFA BUDWEISER LEAGUE Premier DIVISION

The British American Football Association united 100+ teams under the BAFA umbrella for 1987 as the BAFL (British American Football League) ceased to exist with the top three divisions in a league simply called the Budweiser League for sponsorship reasons. The top division was called the National Division, the second level the Premier Division and the third level Division One. Below these three divisions was the UKAFA (United Kingdom American Football Association) as a fourth level and then regional leagues making up a fifth level (Thistle League in Scotland, NWWCAFL – North Wales and West Cheshire American Football League, BNGL – British National Gridiron League – in the North and Capital League in the South East).

REFERENCES

[1] Anon. / Mark Lees (Ed.)(1987) “Results – Standings – Fixtures: Bud Playoffs: National” First Down. August 8, 1987. pg. 16. Mediawatch Ltd. Charlbury, Oxfordshire, England, UK.

[2] Anon. / Mark Lees (Ed.)(1987) “Results – Standings – Fixtures: Bud Playoffs: National” First Down. August 22, 1987. pg. 16. Mediawatch Ltd. Charlbury, Oxfordshire, England, UK.

[3] Anon. / Mark Lees (Ed.)(1987) “Results – Standings – Fixtures: Bud Fixtures: National” First Down. August 29, 1987. pg. 17. Mediawatch Ltd. Charlbury, Oxfordshire, England, UK.

[4] Nick Richards (2009) “V – Over to You Bud” TD UK. Touchdown UK. pg,. 79-80Author House UK Ltd. Milton Keynes. England. UK.

[5] Keith Webster (1987) “Bud Announces New-Look Elite” First Down. October 24, 1987. pg. 22. Mediawatch Ltd. Charlbury, Oxfordshire, England, UK.

GEO-GENEOLOGY OF IRISH SURNAMES

[6] Vivid Maps (2022) Geo-Geneology of Irish Surnames [Internet] Available from: https://vividmaps.com/irish-surnames/ [Accessed 31 January 2022]

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks to Enda Fahy.

ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT

Researched, compiled and written by Enda Mulcahy for the

Eirball | Irish North American and World Sports Archive

Last Updated: 1 February 2022

(c) Copyright Enda Mulcahy and Eirball 2022

You may quote this document in part provided that proper acknowledgement is given to the authors. All Rights Reserved.

BAFA Budweiser League National Division 1987

Final Standings

Budweiser League National Division Northern Conference 1987

PosTeamWLTPctPFPA
1*Manchester Allstars10001.000387117
2*Fylde Falcons640.600342205
3Newcastle Senators (R)370.300124360
4Glasgow Lions370.300121200
5Manchester Spartans280.200137330

Budweiser League National Division Western Conference 1987

PosTeamWLTPctPFPA
1*Leicester Panthers910.900318149
2*Birmingham Bulls730.700224132
3Nottingham Hoods730.700217154
4Cardiff Tigers (R)280.200131280
5Swindon Steelers (R)181.150138263

Budweiser League National Division Eastern Conference 1987

PosTeamWLTPctPFPA
1*Luton Flyers820.800293136
2*Chelmsford Cherokee820.800202115
3CMK Coventry-Milton Keynes Bucks550.500209267
4Northants Stormbringers370.300177212
5Cambridge Cats (R)091.050152361

Budweiser League National Division Southern Conference 1987

PosTeamWLTPctPFPA
1*London Ravens10001.00041286
2*London Olympians640.600266121
3Slough Silverbacks550.500243214
4Thames Valley Chargers460.400168207
5Steel City Giants (R)0100.00057424

Legend / Key: *Qualified for Playoffs. (R) Relegated to Premier Division for 1988. Tiebreaker: (1) Head-to-Head.

Playoffs

BAFA Budweiser League National Division Playoffs 1987

Recap

The 1987 season was the fourth season of organised American Football Leagues in Britain other than those for US Air Force and Army teams stationed on the island. The Budweiser League’s top Division – the National Division – was contested by 20 teams in four Conferences of five teams – Northern, Western, Eastern and Southern – and the London Ravens (Britain’s first American Football Club, formed in 1983) again emerged the top team, winning their third Bowl game in as many years, 43-20 versus Manchester Allstars [1-4].

Two Irish-named Quarterbacks starred for Birmingham Bulls (Trevor Carthy) and Fylde Falcons (Pat Brennan) while Mike Delaney starred for London Ravens at wide receiver. [References: 6]

After the season, the lowest-ranked team in each Conference was relegated, along with Cardiff Tigers and Bournemouth Bobcats and Leeds Cougars, the Premier Bowl contestants promoted to the National Division. With CMK Bucks (Coventry-Milton Keynes) splitting up again after their merger and also taking part in the Premier Division, and Slough Silverbacks disbanding it left a 15-team National Division for 1988, divided into three Conferences: North, Central and South. [5] Note: for Match Reports and scorers for the Playoffs please click on individual games in the list above.

About the BAFA Budweiser League National Division

The British American Football Association united 100+ teams under the BAFA umbrella for 1987 as the BAFL (British American Football League) ceased to exist with the top three divisions in a league simply called the Budweiser League for sponsorship reasons. The Top division was called the National Division, the second level, the Premier Division and the third level Division One. Below these three divisions was the UKAFA (United Kingdom American Football Association) as a fourth level and then regional leagues making up a fifth level (Thistle League in Scotland, NWWCAFL – North West and Welsh Counties American Football League, BNGL – British National Gridiron League – in the North and Capital League in the South East).

References

[1] Anon. / Mark Lees (Ed.)(1987) “Results – Standings – Fixtures: Bud Playoffs: National” First Down. August 8, 1987. pg. 16. Mediawatch Ltd. Charlbury, Oxfordshire, England, UK.

[2] Anon. / Mark Lees (Ed.)(1987) “Results – Standings – Fixtures: Bud Playoffs: National” First Down. August 22, 1987. pg. 16. Mediawatch Ltd. Charlbury, Oxfordshire, England, UK.

[3] Anon. / Mark Lees (Ed.)(1987) “Results – Standings – Fixtures: Bud Fixtures: National” First Down. August 29, 1987. pg. 17. Mediawatch Ltd. Charlbury, Oxfordshire, England, UK.

[4] Nick Richards (2009) “V – Over to You Bud” TD UK. Touchdown UK. pg,. 79-80. Author House UK Ltd. Milton Keynes. England. UK.

[5] Keith Webster (1987) “Bud Announces New-Look Elite” First Down. October 24, 1987. pg. 22. Mediawatch Ltd. Charlbury, Oxfordshire, England, UK.

Geo-Geneology of Irish Surnames

[6] Vivid Maps (2022) Geo-Geneology of Irish Surnames [Internet] Available from: https://vividmaps.com/irish-surnames/ [Accessed 31 January 2022]

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks to Enda Fahy.

ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT

Researched, compiled and written by Enda Mulcahy for the

Eirball | Irish North American and World Sports Archive

Last Updated: 1 February 2022

(c) Copyright Enda Mulcahy and Eirball 2022

You may quote this document in part provided that proper acknowledgement is given to the authors. All Rights Reserved.

British Women’s American Football 1988

Schedule

British Women's American Football 1988

Please click on Game for full match report box-score and scorers.

Recap

Leicester Wildcats Women’s American Football Team opened their 1988 season with a 24-8 victory over St. Alban’s Thunderbirds at Butts Stadium, Coventry on 30th July 1988.

The Thunderbirds scored first on a Dale Boyce rushing TD which was converted for two points to put St. Alban’s 8-0 up, however, Leicester stormed back with two touchdowns by Michelle Allcot, the second of which was converted for two points by the Irish-named Suzanne Mullins. Melanie Woodcock added another rushing touchdown as well as a two point conversion to make the score 22-8 in favour of the Wildcats at halftime.

The only score of the second half was Stephanie Pearce’s safety for the Leicester Wildcats which left the Final Score 24-8 to the Wildcats. Leicester’s Denise Carter picked up the Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award.

References

Anon. (1988) “Thunderbirds don’t go” American Football News. August 11th, 1988. pg. 8.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks to Orla McAleese (Craigavon Cowboys).

ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT

Researched, compiled and written by Enda Mulcahy for the

Eirball | Irish North American and World Sports Archive

Last Updated: 27 September 2021

(c) Copyright Enda Mulcahy and Eirball 2021

You may quote this document in part provided that proper acknowledgement is given to the authors. All Rights Reserved. The Logos and Photos used in this article remain the property of the organisations and individuals which own the copyright and are used here for educational and information purposes only.

National Division Management Association Youth League Schedule 1989

Final Standings

NDMA National Division Management Association Youth League 1989

PosTeamWLTPctPFPATDStreak
1Leicester Panthers6001.000248360W6
2London Olympians5100.833136560L1
3Birmingham Bulls4200.667117840W2
4Manchester Spartans2400.333841040W2
5Northampton Stormbringers2400.333881600L3
6Fylde Falcons2400.3331122070L1
7Manchester Allstars0600.000431810L6

Playoff Schedule

NDMA National Division Management Association Youth League Playoffs 1989

Regular Season Schedule

NDMA National Division Management Association Youth League 1989

Match Day Weeks 1-2
(Weeks 1-2)
16 - 18

Manchester Spartans vs Fylde Falcons

(Weeks 1-2)
23 - 0

London Olympians vs Manchester Allstars

(Weeks 1-2)
56 - 0

Leicester Panthers vs Manchester Allstars

(Weeks 1-2)
20 - 18

Birmingham Bulls vs Manchester Spartans

(Weeks 1-2)
31 - 16

London Olympians vs Fylde Falcons

Match Day Week 3
(Week 3)
37 - 0

London Olympians vs Northampton Stormbringers

(Week 3)
6 - 23

Birmingham Bulls vs Leicester Panthers

Match Day Week 4
(Week 4)
50 - 8

Leicester Panthers vs Manchester Spartans

(Week 4)
36 - 29

Northampton Stormbringers vs Manchester Allstars

(Week 4)
56 - 14

Birmingham Bulls vs Fylde Falcons

Match Day Week 5
(Week 5)
Win - Loss

London Olympians vs Manchester Spartans

(Week 5)
34 - 38

Fylde Falcons vs Northampton Stormbringers

Match Day Week 6
(Week 6)
33 - 6

Leicester Panthers vs Northampton Stormbringers

(Week 6)
29 - 14

London Olympians vs Birmingham Bulls

(Week 6)
30 - 6

Fylde Falcons vs Manchester Allstars

Match Day Week 7
(Week 7)
60 - 0

Leicester Panthers vs Fylde Falcons

(Week 7)
1 - 0 #

Birmingham Bulls vs Northampton Stormbringers

(Week 7)
16 - 8

Manchester Spartans vs Manchester Allstars

Match Day Week 8
(Week 8)
26 - 16

Leicester Panthers vs London Olympians

(Week 8)
0 - 20

Manchester Allstars vs Birmingham Bulls

(Week 8)
26 - 8

Manchester Spartans vs Northampton Stormbringers

Recap

Almost all games went to form in the National Division Management Association Youth League in 1989. The top League of Youth Kitted American Football in Britain in 1989 was won by Leicester Panthers 2-0 thanks to a safety versus London Olympians in atrocious weather in November. The Panthers were deserving winners having won all six regular season games and then defeated Fylde Falcons of Blackpool, Lancashire, 50-0 in the Semi-Finals.

Fylde had been lucky to get into the playoffs with their 2-4 record, the same as Northampton Stormbringers and Manchester Spartans, but the Stormbringers appeared to have been excluded from the playoffs due to forfeiting their Week 7 game against Birmingham Bulls, and the Falcons thus won the Head-to-Head tie-breaker with Manchester Spartans whose shock 26-8 victory over the Stormbringers on the Final Week necessitated the three-way tie-breaker. London Olympians (5-1) had defeated Birmingham Bulls (4-2) by a two touchdowns (13-0) in the other Semi-Final. Manchester Allstars finished last although did not discgrace themselves with close losses to Northampton (29-36) and the Spartans (8-16).

About the NDMA Youth League 1989

The National Division Management Association Youth League was the highest level of Youth Kitted Football in Britain in 1989. The NDMA Youth League featured seven Youth teams of NDMA Senior Teams with the top four reaching the playoffs.

References

[1] Bill Newman (1989) “NDMA Roundup” World American Football. 27th September 1989. pg. 22. World Sports Publishing. Aldershot, Hampshire. England, UK.

[2] Bill Newman (1989) “NDMA Results & Standings” World American Football. 4th October 1989. pg. 22. World Sports Publishing. Aldershot, Hampshire. England, UK.

[3] Bill Newman (1989) “NDMA Junior Results” World American Football. 11th October 1989. pg. 22. World Sports Publishing. Aldershot, Hampshire. England, UK

[4] Bill Newman (1989) “NDMA Game Report” World American Football. 18th October 1989. pg. 22. World Sports Publishing. Aldershot, Hampshire. England, UK

[5] Bill Newman (1989) “NDMA Results” World American Football. 19th-25th October 1989. pg. 22. World Sports Publishing. Aldershot, Hampshire. England, UK

[6] Bill Newman (1989) “NDMA Final” World American Football. 9th-15th November 1989. pg. 22. World Sports Publishing. Aldershot, Hampshire. England, UK

[7] Anon. (1989) “Brit Spot” First Down. 28th October 1989. pg. 13.

[8] Anon. (1989) “Brit Spot” First Down. 4th November 1989. pg. 13.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks to Derek Walsh.

ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT

Researched, compiled and written by Enda Mulcahy for the

Eirball | Irish North American and World Sports Archive

Last Updated: 26 September 2021

(c) Copyright Enda Mulcahy and Eirball 2019

You may quote this document in part provided that proper acknowledgement is given to the authors. All Rights Reserved. The Logos and Photos used in this article remain the property of the organisations and individuals which own the copyright and are used here for educational and information purposes only.

British Senior Flag League 5on5 Tournament Beach Bowl I Winter 2001

Final Standings

BSFL 5on5 Tournament Beach Bowl I Winter 2001

PosTeamWLTPctPFPANet PtsStreak
1Southern Sundevils4001.0001023864W4
2Bournemouth Raiders3100.75062584W1
3Brockenhurst Exiles3100.7506265-3W1
4Leicester Eagles2200.500783939L1
5North Devon Dogs2300.400996534L2
6Birmingham Raiders0300.0002693-67L3
7Sussex Thunder0400.0002798-71L4

Schedule

Report

Southern Sundevils won the British Senior Flag League’s 5on5 Tournament in Bournemouth on 16th December 2001. Beach Bowl I featured seven teams each playing a 4 game league with no playoffs. The Sundevils won all four of their games, with Bournemouth Raiders in second on 3-1. Ryan McKeon, a player with an Irish name made a number of crucial tackles for the Bournemouth Raiders in their victories over Leicester Eagles (13-12) and North Devon Dogs (18-14).

Brockenhurst Exiles, a team made up of Youth Kitted players did very well against the Adult Flag players, also finishing 3-1 in third, while Leicester Eagles and North Devon Dogs both finished 2-2. North Devon Dogs had left Barnstaple at 5:30 AM in order to be in Bournemouth in time for the first games. Birmingham Raiders and Sussex Thunder while both losing all four games were competitive throughout.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks to Kate Hartnett and Laura Shadbolt.

ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT

Researched, compiled and written by Enda Mulcahy for the

Eirball | Irish North American and World Sports Archive

Last Updated: 17 August 2021

(c) Copyright Enda Mulcahy and Eirball 2021

You may quote this document in part provided that proper acknowledgement is given to the authors. All Rights Reserved. The Logos and Photos used in this article remain the property of the organisations and individuals which own the copyright and are used here for educational and information purposes only.

British Senior Flag League 5v5 Tournament Autumn 2001

Final Standings

British Senior Flag League 5v5 Tournament Autumn 2001

PosTeamWLTPctPFPANet Pts
1West Coast Offense510101025250
2Leicester Eagles42081105852
3North Devon Dogs330691125-34
4Birmingham Raiders060058126-68

Results

Report

The British Senior Flag League, organising 9v9 National Flag Football (non-contact American Football) since 1998, began organising a series of seasonal 5v5 Tournaments in 2001, beginning with the August 2001 Tournament hosted by Leicester Eagles at Belgrave RFC. Four teams entered: Birmingham Raiders were competitive but lost all six matches; North Devon Dogs from Barnstaple, finished with a 3-3 record, which was excellent considering it was their first tournament; and West Coast Offense from Glasgow and hosts Leicester Eagles. With the Tournament being decided on a Double Round-Robin League basis, the last match ended up the deciding match, and was won by West Coast Offense 7-6 versus the hosts.

References

[1] Anon. (2001) “Nobody can take Offense” First Down. August 30-September 5, 2001. Pg. 16

Websites

[2] English Senior Flag League | Wayback Machine (2007) [Standings][click here to access the Archive]BSFL Standings 5 on 5 Senior Tournaments 2001][Leicester 5 on 5 Tournament][Results] [Internet] Available from: http://web.archive.org/web/20070205062603/http://www.seniorflag.co.uk/ [Accessed 12 November 2019]

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks to Kate Hartnett and Laura Shadbolt.

ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT

Researched, compiled and written by Enda Mulcahy for the

Eirball | Irish North American and World Sports Archive

Last Updated: 16 August 2021

(c) Copyright Enda Mulcahy and Eirball 2021

You may quote this document in part provided that proper acknowledgement is given to the authors. All Rights Reserved. The Logos and Photos used in this article remain the property of the organisations and individuals which own the copyright and are used here for educational and information purposes only.